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Baghdad ((アラビア語:بغداد) ', (クルド語:Bexda), Iraqi pronunciation: (:bɐʁˈd̪ɑːd̪)) is the capital of the Republic of Iraq, as well as the coterminous Baghdad Province. The population of Baghdad, as of 2011, is approximately 7,216,040, making it the largest city in Iraq,〔Estimates of total population differ substantially. The Encyclopædia Britannica gives a 2001 population of 4,950,000, the 2006 Lancet Report states a population of 7,216,050 in 2011. *("Baghdad" ) ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 November 2006. *. By Gilbert Burnham, Riyadh Lafta, Shannon Doocy, and Les Roberts. ''The Lancet'', October 11, 2006 *(Baghdad ) from GlobalSecurity.org 〕〔("Cities and urban areas in Iraq with population over 100,000" ), Mongabay.com〕 the second largest city in the Arab world (after Cairo, Egypt), and the second largest city in Western Asia (after Tehran, Iran). According to the government, the population of the country has reached 35 million, with 9 million in the capital. Located along the Tigris River, the city was founded in the 8th century and became the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. Within a short time of its inception, Baghdad evolved into a significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual center for the Islamic world. This, in addition to housing several key academic institutions (e.g. House of Wisdom), garnered the city a worldwide reputation as the "Center of Learning". Throughout the High Middle Ages, Baghdad was considered to be the largest city in the world with an estimated population of 1,200,000 people.〔List of largest cities throughout history#cite note-27〕 The city was largely destroyed at the hands of the Mongol Empire in 1258, resulting in a decline that would linger through many centuries due to frequent plagues and multiple successive empires. With the recognition of Iraq as an independent state (formerly the British Mandate of Mesopotamia) in 1938, Baghdad gradually regained some of its former prominence as a significant center of Arab culture. In contemporary times, the city has often faced severe infrastructural damage, most recently due to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and the subsequent Iraq War that lasted until December 2011. In recent years, the city has been frequently subjected to insurgency attacks. As of 2012, Baghdad was listed as one of the least hospitable places in the world to live, and was ranked by Mercer as the worst of 221 major cities as measured by quality-of-life.〔(The Central African Republic: On the brink )〕 ==City name== The name Baghdad is pre-Islamic and its origins are under some dispute. The site where the city of Baghdad came to stand has been populated for millennia and by the 8th century AD several Aramaic Christian (Assyrian Christian) villages had developed there, including a Persian〔Le Strange, G. (n.d.). () The Persian hamlet of Baghdad, on the Western bank of the Tigris, and just above where Sarat canal flowed in, was ultimately fixed upon (). In Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate (p. 9).〕 hamlet called ''Baghdad'', the name which would come to be used for the Abbasid metropolis.〔() Encyclopedia of Islam〕 According to one source the name ''Bagdadu'' appears on Assyrian cuneiform and Babylonian records going back to at least 2000 BC.〔''(Syria and Palestine )''〕 An inscription by Nebuchadnezzar (600 BC) describes how he rebuilt the old Babylonian town of ''Bagh-dadu''. There used to be another Babylonian settlement called Baghdad, in upper Mesopotamia, near the ancient city of Edessa. The name has not been attested outside of Mesopotamia.〔 It has been proposed that the name is of Indo-European origin〔Online Etymology Dictionary. (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2015.〕 and a Middle Persian〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=BAGHDAD i. Before the Mongol Invasion – Encyclopædia Iranica )〕〔http://admin.iraqupdates.net/p_articles.php/article/35631〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Baghdad, Iraq )〕 compound of ''Bagh'' () "god" and ''dād'' () "given by",〔Mackenzie, D. (1971). A concise Pahlavi Dictionary (p. 23, 16).〕 translating to "Bestowed by God" or "God's gift". In Old Persian the first element can be traced to ''Boghu'' and is related to Slavic ''bog'' "god",〔 while the second can be traced to ''dadāti''.〔Guy Le Strange, "Baghdad During the Abbasid Caliphate from Contemporary Arabic and Persian", pg 10〕 A similar term in Middle Persian is the name Mithradāt (Mihrdād in New Persian), known in English by its Hellenistic form Mithridates meaning "gift of Mithra" (''dāt'' is the more archaic form of ''dād'', related to Latin ''dat'' and English ''donor''〔). There are a number of other locations within Iran proper whose names are compounds of the word ''bagh'', including a village called Bagh-šan (lit. "house of God", however ''bagh'' has also been used as a title in reference to kings and queens).〔Joneidi, F. (2007). متنهای پهلوی. In Pahlavi Script and Language (Arsacid and Sassanid) نامه پهلوانی: آموزش خط و زبان پهلوی اشکانی و ساسانی (second ed., p. 109). Tehran: Balkh (نشر بلخ).〕 When the Abbasid caliph, al-Mansur, founded a completely new city for his capital, he chose the name Madinat al-Salaam or ''City of Peace''. This was the official name on coins, weights, and other official usage, although the common people continued to use the old name.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=ما معنى اسم مدينة بغداد ومن سماه ؟ )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=ما معنى (بغداد)؟ - تمت الإجابة عنه - Google إجابات )〕 By the 11th century, "Baghdad" became almost the exclusive name for the world-renowned metropolis. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Baghdad」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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